South African
wine has a history dating back to 1659 with Constantia, a vineyard near Cape
Town, being considered one of the greatest wines in the world. Access to
international markets has unleashed a burst of new energy and new investment.
Production is concentrated around Cape Town, with major vineyard and production
centres at Paarl, Stellenbosch and Worcester. There are about 60 appellations
within the Wine of Origin (WO) system, which was implemented in 1973 with a
hierarchy of designated production regions, districts and wards. WO wines must
be made 100% from grapes from the designated area. "Single vineyard"
wines must come from a defined area of less than 5 hectares. An "Estate
Wine" can come from adjacent farms, as long as they are farmed together and
wine is produced on site. A ward is an area with a distinctive soil type and/or
climate, and is roughly equivalent to a European appellation.
South
Africa Wines of Origin
Although the
majority of South Africa’s wine regions lie in the Western Cape, recent
pioneering efforts have included the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal as wine
regions.
Drafted in
1973, the "Wine of Origin" (WO) programme legislates how wine regions
of South Africa are defined and can appear on wine labels. While some aspects
of the WO is taking from the French Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC)
system, the WO is primarily concerned with accuracy in labelling and does not
place any additional regulations on wine regions such as permitted varieties,
trellising methods, irrigation and crop yields. Wine regions under the WO
system fall under one of four categories-the largest and most generic are
Geographical Units (such as the Western Cape region which includes the smaller,
but still largely defined Regions (such as Overberg), followed by districts
(like Walker Bay) and then finally wards (such as Elgin). The Eastern Cape province
is South Africa's most recent wine region. While geographical units, regions
and districts are largely defined by political boundaries-wards are the level
of origin designation that is most defined by unique terroir characteristics.
Wine
regions
As of 2003,
South Africa was 17th in terms of area planted with vines, with the country
owning 1.5% of the world's grape vineyards with 110,000 hectares. Yearly
production among South Africa's wine regions is usually around 10 million hL
which regularly puts the country among the top ten wine producing countries in
the world. The majority of wine production in South Africa takes place in the
Cape, particularly the southwest corner near the coastal region. The historical
heart of South African wine has been the area near the Cape Peninsula and
modern-day Cape Town. This area is still of prominence in the industry being home
to the major wine regions of Constantia, Stellenbosch and Paarl. Today wine is
grown throughout the Western Cape and in parts of the Northern Cape,
KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape regions. The river regions along the Breede
Valley, Olifants and Orange Rivers are among the warmest areas and are often
the location of bulk wine production and distillation. The cooler climate
regions east of Cape Town along the Indian coast, such as Walker Bay and Elgin,
have seen vast expansion and development in recent years as producers
experiment with cool climate varietals and wine styles.
Under the Wine
of Origins legislation, wine regions in South Africa are divided into 4
classifications-geographical unit, region, district and wards. Below are some
notable WOs.
Constantia
The boundaries
of this ward include the historic Constantia estate, though the ward and the
three wine estates later built upon the 750 hectares estate are separate
entities. The Constantia ward is located south of Cape Town on the Cape
Peninsula that juts out into the Atlantic ocean. Because of this location, the
wine region receives oceanic influences on each side that creates a cooling
effect that contributes to a long, slow ripening period in the summer where
average daily temperatures fall between 18–19 °C (64–66 °F). Winters are often
moderate and mild but wet with annual precipitation usually over 1,000
millimetres. The soil of the region is composed primarily of Table Mountain
sandstone with high concentrations of loam and granite. The area grows a wide
range of grapes with Sauvignon blanc being particularly noted.
Stellenbosch
The
Stellenbosch district is the second oldest wine region in South Africa, after
Constantia, and is responsible for around 14% of the country's annual wine
production. First planted in 1679, Stellenbosch is located 45 kilometres (28
mi) east of Cape Town. The region is surrounded by the Helderberg, Simonsberg
and Stellenbosch Mountains and receives some climatic influences from nearby
False Bay. The bay tempers the climate and keep average temperatures during the
summer growing season to around 20 °C (68 °F), just slightly warmer than
Bordeaux. Vineyard soil types range from decomposed granite on the hillside
near the mountains to sandy alluvial loam in the valleys near the rivers.
The seven
wards of Stellenbosch-Banghoek, Bottelary, Devon Valley, Jonkershoek Valley,
Papegaaiberg, Polkadraai Hills and Simonsberg-Stellenbosch are well known for
their red wine production that demonstrate terroir distinction-particularly
Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinotage and Shiraz. Simonsberg was the first wine
ward to gain individual distinction. White wine production centres on
Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc which are often blended together. The western
reaches of Stellenbosch, such as Bottelary and near Elsenburg also include a
sizeable portion of Chenin blanc plantings in areas rich in light, sandy soils.
Paarl
For most of
the 20th century, Paarl was for all practical purposes the heart of the South
African wine industry. It was the home of the KWV as well as the annual
Nederburg Wine Auction where the reputation of a vintage or an estate could be
established. Gradually the focus shifted southwards to Stellenbosch where
Stellenbosch University gained a more prominent role in the South African wine
industry with its viticulture and winemaking programmes. The transfer of power
from the KWV to a private business further shifted the focus away from Paarl.
However, the terroir driven wines of its wards, the Franschhoek Valley and
Wellington, have revitalised interest in the area in recent years.
The fortified
wine produced in Paarl and nearby Tulbagh can be designated with the unique WO
of Boberg relating to its proximately to the Berg river.
Franschhoek Valley
The
Franschhoek Valley was founded by Huguenot settlers who brought with them from
their native France their traditions and winemaking expertise. The ward
includes some higher elevation vineyard sites which can produced full flavoured
white wines with noticeable acidity levels.
Franschhoek
will soon be South Africa's first wine region to form a classification system
(Appellation Grand Prestige) for its wines, with Semillon, Chardonnay and
Cabernet Sauvignon being identified as the area's most tried-and-trusted grapes
over a number of decades.
Breede River Valley
The Breede
River Valley, located east of the Drakenstein Mountains, is a warm climate
region that can be very dry and arid in some places. The river itself provides
easy access to irrigation which makes bulk wine production of high yield
varieties commonplace. The Robertson district is located closest to the river
along alluvial soils and the occasional calcium-rich outcrop of land. The
average annual precipitation is generally below 400 millimetres (15.75 in),
making irrigation essential. Temperatures during the summer growing seasonal
normally around 22 °C (72 °F). The Bonnievale ward is the most notable
sub-region of Robertson, noted for its Chardonnay and Shiraz wines.
The Worcester
district is responsible for more wine than any other wine region in the country
with one fifth to one quarter of the entire South African yearly wine
production coming from this area. Located just beyond Du Toit's Peak in the
Breede River Valley, Worcester includes a broad fertile plain that relies on
irrigation due to its dry, arid climate. The area's large and numerous
co-operatives produce sizeable amounts of fortified wine as well as Muscadel
and Hanepoot based dessert wines. In recent years the Slanghoek ward shared
with Breedekloof district has seen success growing botrytised and dry Sauvignon
blanc wines. The Worcester district is home to nearly half of all the Semillon
and a third of Ruby Cabernet planted in South Africa with sizeable plantings of
Colombard and Chenin blanc.
Overberg
The cool climate
Overberg region has been the site of the most recent interest and development
in the South African wine industry, particularly with increased plantings of
Chardonnay and Pinot noir. The entire area received very little attention until
the late 20th century and was not even classified in 1973 within the original
"Wine of Origins" programme. The maritime climate of Walker Bay and
the cool, higher elevation vineyards of Elgin located east of Cape Town have
had success producing these varietals as well as Sauvignon blanc.
Other notable regions
The Klein
Karoo region (meaning Little Karoo) has a semi-desert climate and was known
mostly for sheep and ostrich farming. The region stretches from Montagu in the
west to the village of De Rust in the east. In Calitzdorp ward temperatures are
moderated by sea breezes that start in the late afternoon and cool night time
temperatures. Wine production in the area is largely centred on fortified
"port-style" wine and Muscadels.
The Atlantic
influenced "West Coast" region includes the wine making areas of
Durbanville, Olifants River, Piketberg and Swartland. While historically this
region was known for its large, bulk wine production in recent years producers
have focused on premium wine production such as plantings of Sauvignon blanc in
the Groenekloof area near Darling and Pinotage in unirrigated farmland of
Swartland. In the Olifants River region, Chenin blanc and Colombard are
popular. The area is also home to South Africa's biggest single co-operative
winery – the Vredendal Co-operative.
The Northern
Cape wine regions located along the Orange river include the hottest wine
producing areas in South Africa. Wine production here was slow to take root,
delayed to the 1960s when better irrigation and temperature control
fermentation technology became available. Today the area is responsible for
nearly 12% of all the wine produced in South Africa-mostly by large
co-operatives for bulk wine production. The Hartswater region, located 80
kilometres (50 mi) north of Kimberley is South Africa's northernmost wine
region.
KwaZulu-Natal
was designated as a Geographical Unit in 2005 and is one of South Africa's most
recent wine regions. The first wine estate in this region is The Stables Wine
Estate and the region's first Wine of Origin wine was released by Tiny and Judy
van Niekerk in July 2006. Current cultivars doing really well in the growing
wine region of KwaZulu-Natal are Sauvignon Blanc, Pinotage, Pinot Noir and
Chardonnay. With mild summer temperatures the region boasts South Africa's
coolest vineyards.
The Eastern
Cape followed soon after through the pioneering efforts of Ronnie and Janet
Vehorn. In 2009 Harrison Hope Wine Estate was registered as the first wine
estate in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The estate again made
history with their 2009 Merlot becoming the first certified estate wine ever
produced in the Eastern Cape region. Situated in the Amatola Mountains this
area enjoys high temperatures in summer with little to no humidity.
Unfortunately late frost, hail, summer rainfall, and duiker make for some of
the harshest conditions for wine grapes. Grapes grown in this region include
Chardonnay, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Pinotage, Sauvingnon Blanc and Shiraz.
Other notable wards
The
Ruiterbosch ward, located southwest of Klein Karoo around Mossel Bay, has a
generally cool climate influenced primarily by the Indian Ocean. The area is
planted primarily with Riesling, Sauvignon blanc and Pinot noir. The Cederberg
located east of the southern reaches of the Olifants rivers includes some of
the highest elevated vineyards in South Africa, planted at altitudes more than
1,000 metres.
Source:
www.wikipedia.com
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